Thrust is the force which moves any aircraft through the air. Thrust is generated by the propulsion system of the aircraft. Different propulsion systems develop thrust in different ways, but all thrust is generated through some application of Newton's third law of motion. For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. In any propulsion system, a working fluid is accelerated by the system and the reaction to this acceleration produces a force on the system. A general derivation of the thrust equation shows that the amount of thrust generated depends on the mass flow through the engine and the exit velocity of the gas.
During and following World War II, there were a number of rocket- powered aircraft built to explore high speed flight. The X-1A, used to break the "sound barrier", and the X-15 were rocket-powered airplanes. In a rocket engine , fuel and a source of oxygen, called an oxidizer, are mixed and exploded in a combustion chamber. The combustion produces hot exhaust which is passed through a nozzle to accelerate the flow and produce thrust. For a rocket, the accelerated gas, or working fluid, is the hot exhaust produced during combustion. This is a different working fluid than you find in a turbine engine or a propeller powered aircraft. Turbine engines and propellers use air from the atmosphere as the working fluid, but rockets use the combustion exhaust gases. In outer space there is no atmosphere so turbines and propellers can not work there. This explains why a rocket works in space but a turbine engine or a propeller does not work.
There are two main categories of rocket engines; liquid rockets and solid rockets. In a liquid rocket, the propellants, the fuel and the oxidizer, are stored separately as liquids and are pumped into the combustion chamber of the nozzle where burning occurs. In a solid rocket, the propellants are mixed together and packed into a solid cylinder. Under normal temperature conditions, the propellants do not burn; but they will burn when exposed to a source of heat provided by an igniter. Once the burning starts, it proceeds until all the propellant is exhausted. With a liquid rocket, you can stop the thrust by turning off the flow of propellants; but with a solid rocket, you have to destroy the casing to stop the engine. Liquid rockets tend to be heavier and more complex because of the pumps and storage tanks. The propellants are loaded into the rocket just before launch. A solid rocket is much easier to handle and can sit for years before firing.
On this slide, we show a picture of an X-15 rocket-powered airplane at the upper left and a picture of a rocket engine test at the lower right. For the picture at the right, we only see the outside of the rocket nozzle, with the hot gas exiting out the bottom. The X-15 was powered by a liquid rocket engine and carried a single pilot to a height of more than 60 miles above the earth. The X-15 flew more than six times the speed of sound nearly 40 years ago. The speed record for a piloted aircraft is only exceeded today by the Space Shuttle. The altitude record is only topped by the Space Shuttle and the recent Space Ship 1, which also used rocket propulsion.
Thursday, September 3, 2009
aircraft propulsion
Thrust is the force which moves any aircraft through the air. Thrust is generated by the propulsion system of the aircraft. Different propulsion systems develop thrust in different ways, but all thrust is generated through some application of Newton's third law of motion. For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. In any propulsion system, a working fluid is accelerated by the system and the reaction to this acceleration produces a force on the system. A general derivation of the thrust equation shows that the amount of thrust generated depends on the mass flow through the engine and the exit velocity of the gas.
During World War II, a new type of airplane engine was developed independently in Germany and in England. This engine was called a gas turbine engine. We sometimes call this engine a jet engine. Early gas turbine engines worked much like a rocket engine creating a hot exhaust gas which was passed through a nozzle to produce thrust. But unlike the rocket engine which must carry its oxygen for combustion, the turbine engine gets its oxygen from the surrounding air. A turbine engine does not work in outer space because there is no surrounding air. For a gas turbine engine, the accelerated gas, or working fluid, is the jet exhaust. Most of the mass of the jet exhaust comes from the surrounding atmosphere. Most modern, high speed passenger and military aircraft are powered by gas turbine engines. Because gas turbine engines are so important for modern life, we will be providing a lot of information about turbine engines and their operation.
Turbine engines come in a wide variety of shapes and sizes because of the many different aircraft missions. All gas turbine engines have some parts in common, however. On the slide we see pictures of four different aircraft equipped with gas turbine engines. Each aircraft has a unique mission and therefore a unique propulsion requirement. At the upper left is a DC-8 airliner. Its mission is to carry large loads of passengers or cargo for a long distance at high speed. It spends most of its life in high speed cruise. At the lower left is an F-14 fighter plane. Its mission is to shoot down other aircraft in air-to-air combat. It spends most of its life in cruise, but needs high acceleration when in combat. At the lower right is a C-130 cargo aircraft. Like the DC-8, it carries cargo a long distance, but it does not have the high speed requirement of the DC-8. At the upper right is a T-38 trainer. It is used to teach pilots how to fly jet aircraft and does not have the acceleration requirements of the F-14. The DC-8 is powered by four high-bypass turbofan engines, the F-14 by two afterburning low-bypass turbofans, the C-130 by four turboprop engines, and the T-38 by two turbojet engines.
EngineSim is an interactive Java applet which allows you to study different types of jet engines. You can learn the fundamentals of turbine engine propulsion with the EngineSim simulator. RangeGames is an interactive Java applet which allows you to study how different types of aircraft use different types of engines to meet their mission.
During World War II, a new type of airplane engine was developed independently in Germany and in England. This engine was called a gas turbine engine. We sometimes call this engine a jet engine. Early gas turbine engines worked much like a rocket engine creating a hot exhaust gas which was passed through a nozzle to produce thrust. But unlike the rocket engine which must carry its oxygen for combustion, the turbine engine gets its oxygen from the surrounding air. A turbine engine does not work in outer space because there is no surrounding air. For a gas turbine engine, the accelerated gas, or working fluid, is the jet exhaust. Most of the mass of the jet exhaust comes from the surrounding atmosphere. Most modern, high speed passenger and military aircraft are powered by gas turbine engines. Because gas turbine engines are so important for modern life, we will be providing a lot of information about turbine engines and their operation.
Turbine engines come in a wide variety of shapes and sizes because of the many different aircraft missions. All gas turbine engines have some parts in common, however. On the slide we see pictures of four different aircraft equipped with gas turbine engines. Each aircraft has a unique mission and therefore a unique propulsion requirement. At the upper left is a DC-8 airliner. Its mission is to carry large loads of passengers or cargo for a long distance at high speed. It spends most of its life in high speed cruise. At the lower left is an F-14 fighter plane. Its mission is to shoot down other aircraft in air-to-air combat. It spends most of its life in cruise, but needs high acceleration when in combat. At the lower right is a C-130 cargo aircraft. Like the DC-8, it carries cargo a long distance, but it does not have the high speed requirement of the DC-8. At the upper right is a T-38 trainer. It is used to teach pilots how to fly jet aircraft and does not have the acceleration requirements of the F-14. The DC-8 is powered by four high-bypass turbofan engines, the F-14 by two afterburning low-bypass turbofans, the C-130 by four turboprop engines, and the T-38 by two turbojet engines.
EngineSim is an interactive Java applet which allows you to study different types of jet engines. You can learn the fundamentals of turbine engine propulsion with the EngineSim simulator. RangeGames is an interactive Java applet which allows you to study how different types of aircraft use different types of engines to meet their mission.
4
V SEMESTER
MANAGEMENT & ENTREPRENEURSHIP
Subject Code : 06AL51 IA Marks : 25
No. of Lecture Hrs/Week : 04 Exam Hours : 03
Total no. of Lecture Hrs. : 52 Exam Marks : 100
PART - A
MANAGEMENT
UNIT - 1
MANAGEMENT: Introduction - Meaning - nature and characteristics of
Management, Scope and functional areas of Management - Management as a
Science, Art or Profession Management & Administration - Roles of
Management, Levels of Management, Development of Management
Thought-Early Management Approaches-Modern Management Approaches.
7 Hours
UNIT - 2
PLANNING: Nature, importance and purpose of planning process -
Objectives - Types of plans (Meaning only) - Decision making - Importance
of planning - steps in planning & planning premises - Hierarchy of plans.
6 Hours
UNIT - 3
ORGANISING AND STAFFING: Nature and purpose of organization -
Principles of organization - Types of organization - Departmentation -
Committees – Centralisation Vs Decentralisation of authority and
responsibility - Span of control - MBO and MBE (Meaning only) Nature and
importance of Staffing - Process of Selection & Recruitment (in brief).
6 Hours
UNIT - 4
DIRECTING & CONTROLLING: Meaning and nature of directing -
Leadership styles, Motivation Theories, Communication - Meaning and
importance – Coordination, meaning and importance and Techniques of Co -
ordination. Meaning and steps in controlling - Essentials of a sound control
system - Methods of establishing control.
7 Hours
5
PART - B
ENTREPRENEURSHIP
UNIT - 5
ENTREPRENEUR: Meaning of Entrepreneur; Evolution of the Concept,
Functions of an Entrepreneur, Types of Entrepreneur, Intrapreneur - an
emerging Class. Concept of Entrepreneurship - Evolution of
Entrepreneurship, Development of Entrepreneurship; Stages in
entrepreneurial process; Role of entrepreneurs in Economic Development;
Entrepreneurship in India; Entrepreneurship – its Barriers.
6 Hours
UNIT - 6
SMALL SCALE INDUSTRY: Definition; Characteristics; Need and
rationale: Objectives; Scope; role of SSI in Economic Development.
Advantages of SSI Steps to start an SSI - Government policy towards SSI;
Different Policies of S.S.I.; Government Support for S.S.I. during 5 year
plans, Impact of Liberalization, Privatization, Globalization on S.S.I., Effect
of WTO/GATT Supporting Agencies of Government for S.S.I Meaning;
Nature of Support; Objectives; Functions; Types of Help; Ancillary Industry
and Tiny Industry (Definition only).
7 Hours
UNIT - 7
INSTITUTIONAL SUPPORT: Different Schemes; TECKSOK; KIADB;
KSSIDC; KSIMC; DIC Single Window Agency: SISI; NSIC; SIDBI; KSFC.
6 Hours
UNIT - 8
PREPARATION OF PROJECT: Meaning of Project; Project
Identification; Project Selection; Project Report; Need and Significance of
Report; Contents; formulation; Guidelines by Planning Commission for
Project report; Network Analysis; Errors of Project Report; Project
Appraisal. Identification of Business Opportunities - Market Feasibility
Study; Technical Feasibility Study; Financial Feasibility Study & Social
Feasibility Study.
7 Hours
TEXT BOOKS:
1. Principles of Management - P. C. Tripathi, P. N. Reddy; Tata
McGraw Hill.
2. Dynamics of Entrepreneurial Development & Management -
Vasant Desai Himalaya Publishing House.
3. Entrepreneurship Development - Small Business Enterprises -
Poornima M Charantimath - Pearson Education – 2006.
6
REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. Management Fundamentals - Concepts, Application, Skill
Development Robert Lusier – Thomson.
2. Entrepreneurship Development - S S Khanka - S Chand & Co.
3. Management - Stephen Robbins - Pearson Education /PHI -17th
Edition, 2003.
7
ELEMENTS OF AERONAUTICS
Subject Code : 06AE52 IA Marks : 25
No. of Lecture Hrs/Week : 04 Exam Hours : 03
Total no. of Lecture Hrs. : 52 Exam Marks : 100
PART - A
UNIT – 1
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS IN AEROSPACE: Early airplanes,
biplanes and monoplanes, Developments in aerodynamics, materials,
structures and propulsion over the years.
6 Hours
UNIT – 2
AIRCRAFT CONFIGURATIONS: Different types of flight vehicles and
classifications. Components of an airplane and their functions. Airfoils,
wings and other shapes.
6 Hours
UNIT – 3
PRINCIPLES OF ATMOSPHERIC FLIGHT: Physical properties and
structure of the atmosphere, The Standard Atmosphere, Temperature,
Pressure and Altitude relationships, Evolution of lift, drag and moment,
Airfoils, Mach number, Maneuvers, Concepts of stability and control.
8 Hours
UNIT – 4
INTRODUCTION TO SPACE FLIGHT: Introduction to basic concepts,
The upper atmosphere, Differential equations, Lagrange’s equation, Orbit
equation, Space vehicle trajectories-some basic concepts, Kepler’s Laws of
planetary motion.
6 Hours
PART - B
UNIT – 5
AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES AND AIRCRAFT MATERIALS: General
types of construction, Monocoque, semi-monocoque and geodesic
construction, typical wing and fuselage structure. Metallic and non-metallic
materials for aircraft application.
6 Hours
8
UNIT – 6
AIRCRAFT POWER PLANTS: Basic ideas about piston, turboprop and jet
engines, Use of propeller and jets for thrust production. Comparative merits;
Principles of operation of rocket, types of rockets and typical applications,
Exploration into space.
8 Hours
UNIT – 7
AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS: MECHANICAL: Description of different
airplane systems and their components: Hydraulics, Pneumatic, Oxygen
System, Environmental Control System, Fuel System.
6 Hours
UNIT – 8
AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS: ELECTRICAL: Flight Control System, Aircraft
Electrical System, Aircraft Instruments, Navigation System, Communication
System.
6 Hours
TEXT BOOKS:
1. Introduction to Flight, ,Anderson, J.D., McGraw-Hill, 1995.
2. Fundamentals of Flight Vol. IV Aircraft Systems, Lalit Gupta
and Dr. O. P. Sharma., Himalayan Books, 2006
REFERENCE:
1. Flight without Formulae, Kermode, A.C., McGraw-Hill, 1997.
2. Introduction to Aircraft Basic Science, Kroes, Michael J and
Rardon, JamesR”, 7th Edition, Macmillan / McGraw Hill, 1993.
3. Space Vehicle Design, 2nd Edition AIAA Education Series,
Michael D. Griffin, James R. French by Michael D.
4. Mechanics of Flight, (Revised by RH Bernard & DR Philpott),
Kermode, A.C., LPE, Pearson Education, 2005.
Scheme of Examination:
One Question to be set from each chapter. Students have to answer any FIVE
full questions out of EIGHT questions, choosing at least TWO questions
from Part A and TWO questions from Part B.
9
DYNAMICS OF MACHINES
Subject Code : 06AE53 IA Marks : 25
No. of Lecture Hrs/Week : 04 Exam Hours : 03
Total no. of Lecture Hrs. : 52 Exam Marks : 100
PART – A
UNIT – 1
STATIC FORCE ANALYSIS: Static force analysis: Introduction: Static
equilibrium. Equilibrium of two and three force members. Members with two
forces and torque, Free body diagrams, principle of virtual work. Static force
analysis of four bar mechanism and slider-crank mechanism with and without
friction.
6 Hours
UNIT – 2
DYNAMIC FORCE ANALYSIS: D’Alembert’s principle, Inertia force,
inertia torque, Dynamic force analysis of four-bar mechanism and slider
crank mechanism. Dynamically equivalent systems. Turning moment
diagrams and flywheels, Fluctuation of Energy. Determination of size of
flywheels.
8 Hours
UNIT – 3
FRICTION AND BELT DRIVES: Definitions: Types of friction: laws of
friction, Friction in pivot and collar bearings. Belt drives: Flat belt drives,
ratio of belt tensions, centrifugal tension, power transmitted.
6 Hours
UNIT – 4
BALANCING OF ROTATING MASSES: Static and dynamic balancing,
Balancing of single rotating mass by balancing masses in same plane and in
different planes. Balancing of several rotating masses by balancing masses in
same plane and in different planes.
6 Hours
PART – B
UNIT – 5
BALANCING OF RECIPROCATING MASSES: Inertia effect of crank
and connecting rod, single cylinder engine, balancing in multi cylinder-inline
10
engine primary & Secondary forces, V-type engine; Radial engine – Direct
and reverse crank method.
8 Hours
UNIT – 6
GOVERNORS: Types of governors; force analysis of Porter and Hartnell
governors. Controlling force, stability, sensitiveness, isochronism, effort and
power.
6 Hours
UNIT – 7
GYROSCOPE: Vectorial representation of angular motion, Gyroscopic
couple. Effect of gyroscopic couple on ship, plane disc, aeroplane, stability of
two wheelers and four wheelers.
6 Hours
UNIT – 8
ANALYSIS OF CAMS: Analysis of Tangent cam with roller follower and
Circular arc cam operating flat faced and roller followers, Undercutting in
Cams.
6 Hours
TEXT BOOKS:
1. Theory of Machines: Sadhu Singh, Pearson Education, 2nd edition,
2007.
2. Theory of Machines: Rattan S.S. Tata McGraw Hill Publishing
Company Ltd., New Delhi, 2nd Edition, 2006.
REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. Theory of Machines by Thomas Bevan, CBS Publication 1984.
2. Design of Machinery by Robert L. Norton, McGraw Hill, 2001.
3. Mechanisms and Dynamics of Machinery by J. Srinivas, Scitech
Publications, Chennai, 2002.
4. Dynamics of machinery by J. B. K. Das & P. L. S. Murthy.
11
AERODYNAMICS - I
Subject Code : 06AE54 IA Marks : 25
No. of Lecture Hrs/Week : 04 Exam Hours : 03
Total no. of Lecture Hrs. : 52 Exam Marks : 100
PART – A
UNIT – 1
REVIEW OF BASIC FLUID MECHANICS: Continuity, momentum and
energy equation, units and dimensions, inviscid and viscous flows,
compressibility, Mach number regimes.
6 Hours
UNI1 – 2
DESCRIPTION OF FLUID MOTION: Euler and Lagrangian
descriptions, control volume approach to continuity and momentum
equations, pathlines, streamlines and streaklines, angular velocity, vorticity,
circulation, stream function, velocity potential and relationship between
them.
6 Hours
UNIT – 3
AIRFOIL CHARACTERISTICS : Fundamental aerodynamic variables,
airfoil section geometry and wing planform geometry, aerodynamic forces
and moments, centre of pressure, pressure coefficient, calculation of airfoil
lift and drag from measured surface pressure distributions, typical airfoil
aerodynamic characteristics at low speeds.
6 Hours
UNIT – 4
TWO-DIMENSIONAL INVISCID INCOMPRESSIBLE FLOWS:
Bernoulli’s equation, pitot-tube measurement of airspeed, condition on
velocity for incompressible flow, Eulers equations of motion, Governing
equations for irrotational, incompressible flow, Laplace equation and
boundary conditions. Two-dimensional source, sink, doublet and vortex
flows.
8Hours
12
PART – B
UNIT – 5
FLOW OVER CIRCULAR CYLINDERS: Non-lifting flow over a twodimensional
circular cylinder, Lifting flow over a two-dimensional circular
cylinder, Kutta-Joukowski theorem and generation of lift, D’Alembert’s
paradox.
6 Hours
UNIT – 6
INCOMPRESSIBLE FLOW OVER AIRFOILS: Kelvin’s circulation
theorem and the starting vortex, vortex sheet, Kutta condition, Classical thin
airfoil theory for symmetric and cambered airfoils.
6 Hours
UNIT – 7
INTRODUCTION TO VISCOUS FLOWS:
Navier-Stokes equations, boundary layer concept, displacement, momentum
thickness and wall skin friction, viscous flow over two-dimensional
streamlined and bluff bodies and drag characteristics, aspects of boundary
layer separation and airfoil stall.
6 Hours
UNIT – 8
INTRODUCTION TO AERODYNAMIC TESTING:
Principles of wind tunnel flow simulation, open and closed circuit wind
tunnels, Major features of low speed, transonic and supersonic wind tunnels,
smoke and tuft flow visualization techniques, Pressure and Aerodynamic load
measurements on a model, total drag determination of two-dimensional
bodies using wake survey at low speeds.
8 Hours
TEXT BOOKS:
1. Fundamentals of Aerodynamics, Anderson, Jr. J.D. Tata McGraw-
Hill Publishing Co. Ltd., New Delhi, 2007. (Special Indian Edition).
2. Aerodynamics for Engineering Students, Houghton E.L and
Carpenter P.W., CBS Publications and Distributors, 1993. (4th
Edition).
13
REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. Low Speed Wind Tunnel testing, ,Pope A. and Harper, J J John
Wiley Inc. New York, 1966.
2. Introduction to Flight, Anderson, Jr. J.D., Tata McGraw-Hill
Publishing Co. Ltd., New Delhi, 2007. (Special Indian Edition).
3. Boundary Layer Theory, Schlichting, H. Mc Graw Hill, New
York, 2004.
4. Mechanics of Fluids, Duncan WJ, Thom AS and Young AD.,
Second Edition, Edward Arnold Printers Ltd, London, 1981.
5. High Speed Wind Tunnel Testing, Pope A. and Goin, KL., John
Wiley & Sons Inc. New York, 1965.
Scheme of Examination:
One Question to be set from each chapter. Students have to answer any FIVE
full questions out of EIGHT questions, choosing at least TWO questions
from Part A and TWO questions from Part B.
14
AIRCRAFT PROPULSION
Subject Code : 06AE55 IA Marks : 25
No. of Lecture Hrs/Week : 04 Exam Hours : 03
Total no. of Lecture Hrs. : 52 Exam Marks : 100
PART – A
UNIT – 1
INTRODUCTION: Review of thermodynamic principles, Principles of
aircraft propulsion, Types of power plants, Working principles of internal
combustion engine, Two – stroke and four – stroke piston engines, Gasturbine
engines, Cycle analysis of reciprocating engines and jet engines.
6 Hours
UNIT – 2
FUNDAMENTALS OF GAS TURBINE ENGINES: Illustration of
working of gas turbine engine – The thrust equation – Factors affecting thrust
– Effect of pressure, velocity and temperature changes of air entering
compressor – Methods of thrust augmentation – Characteristics of turboprop,
turbofan and turbojet – Performance characteristics.
7 Hours
UNIT – 3
SUBSONIC AND SUPERSONIC INLETS FOR JET ENGINES: Internal
flow and Stall in subsonic inlets – Boundary layer separation – Major
features of external flow near a subsonic inlet – Relation between minimum
area ratio and eternal deceleration ratio – Diffuser performance – Supersonic
inlets – Starting problem on supersonic inlets – Shock swallowing by area
variation – External declaration – Models of inlet operation.
7 Hours
UNIT – 4
COMBUSTION CHAMBERS: Classification of combustion chambers –
Important factors affecting combustion chamber design – Combustion
process – Combustion chamber performance – Effect of operating variables
on performance – Flame tube cooling – Flame stabilization – Use of flame
holders – Numerical problems.
6 Hours
15
PART – B
UNIT – 5
NOZZLES: Theory of flow in isentropic nozzles – Convergent / Convergent
– divergent nozzles; Nozzle throat conditions – Nozzle efficiency – Losses in
nozzles – Over expanded and under – expanded nozzles - Thrust reversal.
7 Hours
UNIT – 6
COMPRESSORS: Principle of operation of centrifugal compressor – Work
done and pressure rise – Velocity diagrams – Diffuser vane design
considerations – Concept of prewhirl – Rotation stall – Elementary theory of
axial flow compressor – Velocity triangles – degree of reaction -Centrifugal
and Axial compressor performance characteristics.
7 Hours
UNIT – 7
INTRODUCTION TO TURBINES: Types of turbines – Design
considerations – Performance parameters - Basics of blade design principles.
6 Hours
UNIT – 8
RAMJET PROPULSION: Operating principle – Sub critical, critical and
supercritical operation – Combustion in ramjet engine – Ramjet performance
– Introduction to scramjet – Preliminary concepts in supersonic
combustion.
6 Hours
TEXT BOOKS:
1. Gas Turbine, V. Ganesan, , Tata McGraw Hill Pub. Co. Ltd., 1996.
2. Mechanics & Thermodynamics of Propulsion, Hill, P.G. &
Peterson, C.R. Addison – Wesley Longman INC, 1999.
REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. Gas Turbine Theory, ,Cohen, H. Rogers, G.F.C. and
Saravanamuttoo, H.I.H. “Longman, 1989.
2. Aero thermodynamics of Aircraft Engine Components, Oates,
G.C., , AIAA Education Series, New York, 1985.
3. Gas Turbine, Jet and Rocket Propulsion, Mathur, M.L. and
Sharma, R.P., , Standard Publishers & Distributors, Delhi, 1999.
16
Scheme of Examination:
One Question to be set from each Unit. Students have to answer any FIVE
full questions out of EIGHT questions, choosing at least TWO questions
from Part A and TWO questions from Part B.
17
AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES – I
Subject Code : 06AE56 IA Marks : 25
No. of Lecture Hrs/Week : 04 Exam Hours : 03
Total no. of Lecture Hrs. : 52 Exam Marks : 100
PART – A
UNIT – 1
LOADS ON AIRCRAFT: Structural nomenclature-types of loads, load
factor, aerodynamic loads, symmetric manoeuvre loads and functions of
structural components.
6 Hours
UNIT – 2
MATERIALS FOR AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES: Metallic and nonmetallic
materials, Use of Aluminium alloy, titanium, stainless steel and
composite materials. Desirable properties for aircraft application.
6 Hours
UNIT – 3
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF MATERIAL: Stress – Strain -
Tensile properties – Compression properties – Shear properties – Bearing
properties – Creep and Stress properties – Fracture properties –Fatigue
properties.
6 Hours
UNIT – 4
STATICALLY DETERMINATE AND INTERDETERMINATE
STRUCTURES: Analysis of plane truss – Method of joints – 3 D Truss -
Plane frames Composite beam –Clapeyron's Three Moment Equation -
Moment Distribution Method.
8 Hours
PART – B
UNIT – 5
ENERGY METHODS: Strain Energy due to axial, bending and Torsional
loads - Castigliano's theorem - Maxwell's Reciprocal theorem, Unit load
method - application to beams, trusses, frames, rings, etc.
6 Hours
18
UNIT – 6
COLUMNS: Columns with various end conditions – Euler’s Column curve
– Rankine’s formula - Column with initial curvature - Eccentric loading –
South well plot – Beam column..
6 Hours
UNIT – 7
THEORY OF ELASTICITY: Concept of stress and strain, derivation of
Equilibrium equations, strain-displacement relation, compatibility conditions
and boundary conditions. Plane stress and Plane strain problems in 2-D
elasticity and Airy’s Stress function.
8 Hours
UNIT – 8
FAILURE THEORY: Maximum Stress theory – Maximum Strain Theory –
Maximum Shear Stress Theory – Distortion Theory – Maximum Strain
energy theory – Application to aircraft Structural problems.
6 Hours
TEXT BOOKS:
1. Aircraft Structures for Engineering Students, Megson, T.M.G., ,
Edward Arnold, 1995.
2. Theory of Elasticity, Timoshenko and Godier Mc Graw Hill Co.
REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. Analysis of Aircraft Structures – An Introduction, Donaldson,
B.K., McGraw-Hill, 1993.
2. Strength of Materials, Timoshenko, S., Vol. I and II, Princeton D.
Von Nostrand Co, 1990.
Scheme of Examination:
One Question to be set from each chapter. Students have to answer any FIVE
full questions out of EIGHT questions, choosing at least TWO questions
from Part A and TWO questions from Part B.
19
STRUCTURES LABORATORY
Subject Code : 06AEL57 IA Marks : 25
No. of Lecture Hrs/Week : 04 Exam Hours : 03
Total no. of Lecture Hrs. : 42 Exam Marks : 50
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
1. Deflection of a Simply Supported Beam.S
2. Verification of Maxwell's Reciprocal Theorem.
3. Determination of Young’s Modulus using strain gages.
4. Poisson Ratio Determination.
5. Buckling Load of Slender Eccentric Columns and Construction of
Southwell Plot
6. Shear failure of Bolted and Riveted Joints.
7. Bending Modulus of a Sandwich Beam
8. Verification of the Superposition Theorem.
20
ENERGY CONVERSION LABORATORY
Subject Code : 06AEL58 IA Marks : 25
No. of Lecture Hrs/Week : 04 Exam Hours : 03
Total no. of Lecture Hrs. : 42 Exam Marks : 50
PART – A
(INDIVIDUAL EXPERIMENTS)
1. Determination of Flash point and Fire point of lubricating oil using Abel
Pensky and Pensky Martins Apparatus.
2. Determination of Caloric value of solid, liquid and gaseous fuels.
3. Determination of Viscosity of lubricating oil using Redwoods, Saybolts
and Torsion Viscometers.
4. Valve, Timing/port opening diagram of an I.C. engine (4 stroke/
2stroke).
5. Use of planimeter.
21 Hours
PART – B
(GROUP EXPERIMENTS)
1. Performance Tests on I.C. Engines, Calculations of IP, BP, Thermal
efficiencies, SFC, FP, heat balance sheet for
(a) Four stroke Diesel Engine
(b) Four stroke Petrol Engine
(c) Multi-cylinder Diesel/Petrol Engine, (Morse test)
(d) Two stroke Petrol Engine
(e) Variable Compression Ratio I.C. Engine
21 Hours
21
VI SEMESTER
INTRODUCTION TO COMPOSITE MATERIALS
Subject Code : 06AE61 IA Marks : 25
No. of Lecture Hrs/Week : 04 Exam Hours : 03
Total no. of Lecture Hrs. : 52 Exam Marks : 100
PART A
UNIT – 1
INTRODUCTION TO COMPOSITE MATERIALS: Definition,
classification and characteristics of composite materials - fibrous composites,
laminated composites, particulate composites. Properties and types of
Reinforcement and Matrix materials.
6 Hours
UNIT – 2
FIBER REINFORCED PLASTIC PROCESSING: Lay up and curing,
fabricating process - open and closed mould process - hand lay up
techniques structural laminate bag molding, production procedures for bag
molding.
6 Hours
UNIT – 3
ADVANCED PROCESSING TECHNIQUES AND APPLICATION OF
COMPOSITES: Filament winding, pultrusion, pulforming, thermo -
forming, injection, injection molding, liquid molding, blow molding,
Automobile, Aircrafts, missiles, Space hardware, Electrical and electronics,
marine, recreational and Sports equipment, future potential of composites.
8 Hours
UNIT – 4
FABRICATION OF COMPOSITE STRUCTURES: Cutting, machining,
drilling, mechanical fasteners and adhesive bonding, joining, computer-aided
design and manufacturing, tooling, fabrication equipment.
6 Hours
22
PART – B
UNIT – 5
MACRO-MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF A LAMINA: Stress-strain
relation for an orthotropic lamina- Restriction on elastic constants-Strengths
of an orthotropic lamina and Failure theories for an orthotropic lamina.
6 Hours
UNIT – 6
MICRO-MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF A LAMINA: Determination of
elastic constants-Rule of mixtures, transformation of coordinates, micromechanics
based analysis and experimental determination of material
constants.
6 Hours
UNIT – 7
MACRO-MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF A LAMINATE: Classical
plate theory- Stress and strain variation in a laminate- Resultant forces and
moments- A B & D matrices- Strength analysis of a laminate .
6 Hours
UNIT – 8
METAL MATRIX COMPOSITES: Reinforcement materials, types,
characteristics and selection of base metals. Application of MMC’s.
8 Hours
TEXT BOOKS:
1. Composites Science and Engineering, K.K Chawla, Springer
Verlag, 1998
2. Mechanics of Composite Materials, R M Jones,”, McGraw-Hill,
New York, 1975
REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. Composite materials hand book, Meing Schwaitz, ", McGraw Hill
Book Company. 1984
2. Introduction to Composite materials, Hull and Clyne, Cambridge
University Press, 2nd Edition, 1990.
3. Forming Metal handbook, 9th edition, ASM handbook, V15.
1988, P327 338.
4. Mechanics of composites by Artar Kaw, CRC Press. 2002.
23
Scheme of Examination:
One Question to be set from each Unit. Students have to answer any FIVE
full questions out of EIGHT questions, choosing at least TWO questions
from Part A and TWO questions from Part B.
24
AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES- II
Subject Code : 06AE62 IA Marks : 25
No. of Lecture Hrs/Week : 04 Exam Hours : 03
Total no. of Lecture Hrs. : 52 Exam Marks : 100
PART – A
UNIT – 1
INTRODUCTION TO AIRCRAFT STRUCTURAL DESIGN: Structural
layout of the Airplane and components, Structural design V-n diagram, loads
acting on major components such as wing, fuselage, tails, landing gear etc.,
Concept of allowable stress and margin of safety.
6 Hours
UNIT – 2
UNSYMMETRICAL BENDING: Bending stresses in beams of
unsymmetrical sections – Bending of symmetric sections with skew loads .
6 Hours
UNIT – 3
SHEAR FLOW IN OPEN SECTIONS:06Hrs
Thin walled beams, Concept of shear flow, shear centre, Elastic axis. With
one axis of symmetry, with wall effective and ineffective in bending,
unsymmetrical beam sections.
6 Hours
UNIT – 4
SHEAR FLOW IN CLOSED SECTIONS: Bredt – Batho formula, Single
and multi – cell structures, Approximate methods, Shear flow in single &
multi-cell structures under torsion. Shear flow in single and multi-cell under
bending with walls effective and ineffective.
8 Hours
PART – B
UNIT – 5
BUCKLING OF PLATES: Rectangular sheets under compression, Local
buckling stress of thin walled sections, Crippling stresses by Needham’s and
25
Gerard’s methods, Thin walled column strength. Sheet – stiffener panels.
Effective width, inter rivet and sheet wrinkling failures.
6 Hours
UNIT – 6
STRESS ANALYSIS IN WING AND FUSELAGE: Procedure – Shear
and bending moment distribution for semi cantilever and other types of wings
and fuselage, thin webbed beam. With parallel and non parallel flanges,
Shear resistant web beams, Tension field web beams (Wagner’s).
8 Hours
UNIT – 7
DESIGN OF AIRCRAFT STRUCTURE: Design criteria – Safety
Factor – Design life criteria – Analysis method – Life Assessment
procedures – Design Principle – Future Airworthiness Requirements –
Two bay crack criteria – Widespread Fatigue damage.
6 Hours
UNIT – 8
JOINTS AND FITTINGS AND INTRODUCTION TO POST
BUCLKING: General theory for the design of fittings, Estimation of
fitting design loads, design of riveted, bolted and welding joints, post
buckling of structures, concept of effective width.
6 Hours
TEXT BOOKS:
1. “Aircraft Structures for Engineering Students, Megson, T.M.G.,,
Edward Arnold, 1995.
2. Aircraft Structures, Peery, D.J., and Azar, J.J., 2nd edition,
McGraw–Hill, N.Y., 1993.
REFEENCE BOOKS:
1. “Analysis and Design of Flight vehicles Structures, Bruhn. E.H.,
Tri – state off set company, USA, 1985.
2. “Theory and Analysis of Flight Structures, Rivello, R.M.,
McGraw-Hill, 1993.
3. An Introduction to the Theory of Aircraft Structures, D
Williams & Edward Arnold.
Scheme of Examination:
One Question to be set from each Unit. Students have to answer any FIVE
full questions out of EIGHT questions, choosing at least TWO questions
from Part A and TWO questions from Part B.
26
AERODYNAMICS - II
Subject Code : 06AE63 IA Marks : 25
No. of Lecture Hrs/Week : 04 Exam Hours : 03
Total no. of Lecture Hrs. : 52 Exam Marks : 100
PART – A
UNIT – 1
INTRODUCTION TO TWO-DIMENSIONAL PANEL METHODS:
Non-lifting flows over arbitrary bodies, source panel method, lifting flows
over arbitrary bodies, vortex panel method, some examples.
6 Hours
UNIT – 2
INCOMPRESSIBLE FLOWS OVER FINITE WINGS: Downwash,
Induced drag, vortex filament, the Biot-Savart Law, Prandtl’s lifting line
theory and its limitations, Elliptic lift distribution.
8 Hours
UNIT – 3
SUBSONIC LINEARIZED FLOW OVER AIRFOILS: Full velocity
potential equation, linearized velocity potential equation and boundary
condition, Prandtl-Glauret compressibility correction.
6 Hours
UNIT – 4
EFFECTS OF COMPRESSIBILITY: Critical Mach number; Dragdivergence
Mach number, Sound Barrier, Transonic area rule, Introduction to
shock-free airfoils.
6 Hours
PART – B
UNIT – 5
APPLICATIONS OF FINITE WING THEORY: Simplified horse-shoe
vortex model, formation flight, influence of downwash on tail plane, ground
effects.
6 Hours
27
UNIT – 6
BODIES OF REVOLUTION: Introduction to slender body theory,
cylindrical coordinates, boundary conditions, pressure coefficient, Subsonic
flow past a axially symmetric body at zero incidence and solution for a
slender cone.
6 Hours
UNIT – 7
SWEPT WINGS AND HIGH-LIFT SYSTEMS: Introduction to sweep
effects, swept wings, pressure coefficient, typical aerodynamic
characteristics, Subsonic and Supersonic leading edges. Introduction to highlift
systems, flaps, leading-edge slats and typical high - lift characteristics.
6 Hours
UNIT – 8
VISCOUS FLOWS: Derivation of Navier-Stokes equation for twodimensional
flows, boundary layer approximations, laminar boundary
equations and boundary conditions, Blasius solution, qualitative features of
boundary layer flow under pressure gradients, Integral method, aspects of
transition to turbulence, turbulent boundary layer properties over a flat plate
at low speeds.
8 Hours
EXT BOOKS:
1. Fundamentals of Aerodynamics, Anderson, Jr. J.D, Tata McGraw-
Hill Publishing Co. Ltd., New Delhi, 2007. (Special Indian Edition).
2. Boundary layer theory, Schlichting, H,”, McGraw Hill, New York
2004
REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. Aerodynamics for Engineers, Bertin, John J., Pearson Education
Inc., 2002.
2. Fluid Mechanics, White, F.M., Mc Graw Hill Inc. New York, 1986
3. Aerodynamics for Engineering Students, Houghton E.L and
Carpenter P.W., CBS Publications and Distributors,8 1993. (4th
Edition).
Scheme of Examination:
One Question to be set from each Unit (FOUR Questions from Part A and
Four Questions from Part B). Students have to answer any FIVE full
questions out of EIGHT questions, choosing at least TWO questions from
Part A and TWO questions from Part B.
28
FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS
Subject Code : 06AE64 IA Marks : 25
No. of Lecture Hrs/Week : 04 Exam Hours : 03
Total no. of Lecture Hrs. : 52 Exam Marks : 100
PART – A
UNIT – 1
INTRODUCTION: BASIC CONCEPTS, BACKGROUND REVIEW:
Theory of Elasticity, Matrix displacement formulation, Energy concepts,
Equilibrium and energy methods for analysing structures. Rayleigh - Ritz
Method, Galerkin's Method, Simple applications in structural Analysis.
6 Hours
UNIT – 2
FUNDAMENTALS OF FINITE ELEMENT METHOD: Displacement
function and natural coordinates, construction of displacement functions for 2
D truss and beam elements, applications of FEM for the analysis of truss,
continuous beam and simple frame problems.
6 Hours
UNIT – 3
DISCRETE ELEMENTS:Bar elements, uniform Bar elements, uniform
section, mechanical and thermal loading, varying section, truss analysis,
Frame element, Beam element, problems for various loadings and boundary
conditions, Free vibration, longitudinal and lateral vibration, Use of local and
natural coordinates.
8 Hours
UNIT – 4
CONTINUUM ELEMENTS: Plane stress, Plane strain and
axisymmetric problems, constant and linear strain, triangular elements,
stiffness matrix, axisymmetric load vector.
6 Hours
PART – B
UNIT – 5
ANALYSIS OF 2 D CONTINUUM PROBLEMS: Elements and shape
functions, Triangular, rectangular and quadrilateral elements, different types
29
of elements, their characteristics and suitability for application, polynomial
shape functions, Lagrange's and Hermitian polynomials, compatibility and
convergence requirements of shape functions.
8 Hours
UNIT – 6
THEORY OF ISOPARAMETRIC ELEMENTS: Isoparametric, sub
parametric and super-parametric elements, characteristics of Isoparametric
quadrilateral, elements, structure of computer program for FEM analysis,
description of different modules, pre and post processing.
6 Hours
UNIT – 7
FIELD PROBLEMS: Heat transfer problems, Steady' state fin problems,
Derivation of element matrices for two dimensional problems, Torsion
problems.
6 Hours
UNIT – 8
INTRODUCTION TO FINITE ELEMENT METHOD :Construction or
discrete models - sub domains and nodes - simple elements for the FEM -
Simplex, complex and multiples elements Polynomial selection - illustrative
examples.
6 Hours
TEXT BOOKS:
1. Finite Element analysis - Theory and Programming, C.S.
Krishnamurthy -, Tata McGraw Hill Co. Ltd, New Delhi.
2. Chandrupatla, T R and Belegundu, A.D - Introduction to Finite
elements in Engineering”, Printice Hall, Newyork, 2002.
REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. Finite element analysis in engineering design, Rajasekharan. S -
Wheeler Publishers
2. Finite Element Procedures, Bathe. KJ , PHI Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi
3. The Finite Element Method, Zienkiewicz. O.C., Tata McGraw
Hill Co. Ltd, New Delhi.
Scheme of Examination:
One Question to be set from each Unit (FOUR Questions from Part A and
Four Questions from Part B). Students have to answer any FIVE full
questions out of EIGHT questions, choosing at least TWO questions from
Part A and TWO questions from Part B.
30
THEORY OF VIBRATIONS
Subject Code : 06AE65 IA Marks : 25
No. of Lecture Hrs/Week : 04 Exam Hours : 03
Total no. of Lecture Hrs. : 52 Exam Marks : 100
PART – A
UNIT – 1
INTRODUCTION: Types of vibrations, S.H.M, principle of super position
applied to Simple Harmonic Motions. Beats, Fourier theorem and simple
problems.
6 Hours
UNIT – 2
UNDAMPED FREE VIBRATIONS: Single degree of freedom systems.
Undamped free vibration,natural frequency of free vibration, Spring and
Mass elements, effect of mass of spring, Compound Pendulum.
7 Hours
UNIT – 3
DAMPED FREE VIBRATIONS: Single degree of freedom systems,
different types of damping, concept of critical damping and its importance,
study of response of viscous damped systems for cases of under damping,
critical and over damping, Logarithmic decrement.
7 Hours
UNIT – 4
FORCED VIBRATION: Single degree of freedom systems, steady state
solution with viscous damping due to harmonic force. Solution by Complex
algebra, reciprocating and rotating unbalance, vibration isolation,
transmissibility ratio. due to harmonic exitation and support motion.
6 Hours
PART – B
UNIT – 5
VIBRATION MEASURING INSTRUMENTS & WHIRLING OF
SHAFTS: Vibrometer meter and accelerometer. Whirling of shafts with and
without air damping. Discussion of speeds above and below critical speeds.
6 Hours
31
UNITL – 6
SYSTEMS WITH TWO DEGREES OF FREEDOM: Introduction,
principle modes and Normal modes of vibration, co-ordinate coupling,
generalized and principal co-ordinates, Free vibration in terms of initial
conditions. Geared systems. Forced Oscillations-Harmonic excitation.
Applications:
a) Vehicle suspension.
b) Dynamic vibration absorber.
c) Dynamics of reciprocating Engines.
8 Hours
UNIT – 7
CONTINUOUS SYSTEMS: Introduction, vibration of string, longitudinal
vibration of rods, Torsional vibration of rods, Euler’s equation for beams.
6 Hours
UNIT – 8
NUMERICAL METHODS FOR MULTI-DEGREE FREEDOM
SYSTEMS: Introduction, Influence coefficients, Maxwell reciprocal
theorem, Dunkerley’s equation. Orthogonality of principal modes, Method of
matrix iteration-Method of determination of all the natural frequencies using
sweeping matrix and Orthogonality principle. Holzer’s method, Stodola
method.
8 Hours
TEXT BOOKS:
1. Theory of Vibration with Applications: W.T. Thomson and Marie
Dillon Dahleh, Pearson Education 5th edition, 2007.
2. Mechanical Vibrations: V.P. Singh, Dhanpat Rai & Company Pvt.
Ltd., 3rd edition, 2006
REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. Mechanical Vibrations: S.S. Rao, Pearson Education Inc, 4th
Edition, 2003.
2. Mechanical Vibrations: S. Graham Kelly, Schaum’s Outline
Series, Tata McGraw Hill, Special Indian edition, 2007.
3. Theory & Practice of Mechanical vibrations: J.S. Rao & K.
Gupta, New Age International Publications, New Delhi, 2001.
4. Elements of Vibrations Analysis: Leonanrd Meirovitch, Tata
McGraw Hill, Special Indian edition, 2007.
32
Scheme of Examination:
Four Questions from Part A and FOUR questions from Part B (One Question
to be set from each Unit) Students have to answer any FIVE full questions
out of EIGHT questions, choosing at least TWO questions from Part A and
TWO questions from Part B.
VI Semester
Electives: 06AE66*
* Elective - I: (Group A)
Sub Code Title
06AE661 Numerical Methods
06AE662 Aircraft Materials
06AE663 Combustion
06AE664 Reliability Engineering
06AE665 Industrial Management
33
NUMERICAL METHODS
(ELECTIVE GROUP – A)
Subject Code : 06AE661 IA Marks : 25
No. of Lecture Hrs/Week : 04 Exam Hours : 03
Total no. of Lecture Hrs. : 52 Exam Marks : 100
PART – A
UNIT – 1
NUMERICAL COMPUTATION: Motivation and Objectives/ Number
Representation/ Machine Precision/ Round-of - Error/ Truncation Error/
Random Number Generation.
6 Hours
UNIT – 2
LINEAR ALGEBRAIC SYSTEMS: Motivation and Objectives/ Gauss-
Jordan Elimination/ Gaussian Elimination/ LU Decomposition/ IIIConditioned
Systems/ Iterative Methods.
6 Hours
UNIT – 3
INTERPOLATION AND APPROXIMATION: Lagrangian Polynomials -
Divided differences Interpolating with a cubic spline - Newton's forward and
backward difference formulas.
6 Hours
UNIT – 4
EIGEN VALUES AND EIGENVECTORS: Motivation and Objectives/
The characteristics Polynominal/ Power Methods / Jacobi’s Method/
Householder Transformation/ QR Method/ Danilevsky’s Method/
Polynominal Roots.
8 Hours
34
PART – B
UNIT – 5
NUMERICAL DIFFERENTIATION AND INTEGATION: Derivative
from difference tables - Divided differences and finite differences -
Numerical integration by trapezoidal and Simpson's 1/3 and 3/8 rules - Two
and Three point Gaussian quadrature formulas - Double integrals using
trapezoidal and Simpson's rules.
8 Hours
UNIT – 6
CURVE FITTING: Motivation and objectives/ Interpolation/ Newton’s
Difference Formula/ Cubic Splines/ Least Square/ Two-Dimensional
Interpolation.
6 Hours
UNIT – 7
ROOT FINDING: Motivation and Objectives/ Bracketing methods/
Contraction Mapping Method/ Se cant Method/ Muller’s Method/ Newton’s
Method/ Polynomial Roots/ Nonlinear Systems of Equations.
6 Hours
UNIT – 8
OPTIMIZATION: Motivation and Objectives/ Local and Global Minima /
Line Searches / Steepest Descent Method / Conjugate-Gradient Method /
Quasi-Newton Methods / Penalty Functions / Simulated Annealing.
6 Hours
TEXT BOOKS:
1. Applied Numerical methods for Engineers Using Mat Lab and
C-Robert Schilling and Sandra Harris, Thomson Learning, 2002.
2. Applied Numerical Analysis – Gerald and Wheatley, Pearson
Education, 2002.
REFERENCE BOOK:
1. Numerical Recipes in C – William Press et. Al., 2e, Cambridge
University Press.
35
Scheme of Examination:
One Question to be set from each chapter. Students have to answer any FIVE
full questions out of EIGHT questions, choosing at least TWO questions
from Part A and TWO questions from Part B.
36
AIRCRAFT MATERIALS
(ELECTIVE GROUP – A)
Subject Code : 06AE662 IA Marks : 25
No. of Lecture Hrs/Week : 04 Exam Hours : 03
Total no. of Lecture Hrs. : 52 Exam Marks : 100
PART – A
UNIT – 1
INTRODUCTION TO AIRCRAFT MATERIALS: General properties of
materials, Definition of terms, Requirements of aircraft materials, Testing of
aircraft materials, Inspection methods, Application and trends in usage in
aircraft structures and engines, Introduction to smart materials and nanomaterials;
Selection of materials for use in aircraft.
6 Hours
UNIT – 2
AIRCRAFT METAL ALLOYS AND SUPERALLOYS: Aluminum
alloys, Magnesium alloys, Titanium alloys, Plain carbon and Low carbon
Steels, Corrosion and Heat resistant steels, Maraging steels, Copper alloys,
Producibility and Surface treatments aspects for each of the above; General
introduction to superalloys, Nickel based superalloys, Cobalt based
superalloys, and Iron based superalloys, manufacturing processes associated
with superalloys, Heat treatment and surface treatment of superalloys.
8 Hours
UNIT – 3
COMPOSITE MATERIALS: Definition and comparison of composites
with conventional monolithic materials, Reinforcing fibers and Matrix
materials, Fabrication of composites and quality control aspects, Carbon -
Carbon Composites production, properties and applications, inter metallic
matrix composites, ablative composites based on polymers, ceramic matrix,
metal matrix composites based on aluminum, magnesium, titanium and
nickel based composites for engines.
6 Hours
37
UNIT – 4
POLYMERS, POLYMERIC MATERIALS & PLASTICS AND
CERAMICS & GLASS : Knowledge and identification of physical
characteristics of commonly used polymeric material: plastics and its
categories, properties and applications; commonly used ceramic, glass and
transparent plastics, properties and applications, adhesives and sealants and
their applications in aircraft.
6 Hours
PART – B
UNIT – 5
ABLATIVE AND SUPER CONDUCTING MATERIALS: Ablation
process, ablative materials and applications in aerospace; Phenomenon of
super conduction, super conducting materials and applications in aerospace.
6 Hours
UNIT – 6
AIRCRAFT WOOD, RUBBER, FABRICS & DOPE AND PAINT:
Classification and properties of wood, Seasoning of wood, Aircraft woods,
their properties and applications, Joining processes for wood, Plywood;
Characteristics and definition of terminologies pertaining to aircraft fabrics
and their applications, Purpose of doping and commonly used dopes; Purpose
of painting, Types of aircraft paints, Aircraft painting process.
7 Hours
UNIT – 8
CORROSION AND ITS PREVENTION: Knowledge of the various
methods used for removal of corrosion from common aircraft metals and
methods employed to prevent corrosion.
6 Hours
UNIT – 8
HIGH ENERGY MATERIALS: Materials for rockets and missiles. Types
of propellants and its general and desirable properties, Insulating materials
for cryogenic engines. Types of solid propellants: Mechanical
characterization of solid propellants using uni-axial, strip-biaxial and tubular
tests.
7 Hours
38
TEXT BOOKS:
1. Handbook of Aircraft materials Interline publishers, C G
Krishnadas Nair, , Bangalore, 1993.
2. Aicraft Material and Processes, Titterton G F, , English Book
Store, New Delhi, 1998
REFERENCE:
1. Advanced Aerospace Material, H Buhl, Spring Berlin 1992
2. Aerospace material Vol. 1,2,3 ARDB, Balram Gupta, S Chand &
Co 1996
3. Materials for Missiles and Space, Parker E R, John Wiley.
4. The Materials of Aircraft Construction, Hill E T, Pitman
London.
5. AIAA Journal of Propulsion and Power, 2001
39
COMBUSTION
(ELECTIVE GROUP – A)
Subject Code 06AE663 IA Marks : 25
No. of Lecture Hrs/Week : 04 Exam Hours : 03
Total no. of Lecture Hrs. : 52 Exam Marks : 100
PART A
UNIT – 1
REVIEW OF BASIC CONCEPTS: Laws of thermodynamics, Multicomponent
mixtures, simple thermo chemical equations and heat of
combustion, properties of real gases, transport phenomena, Rankine-
Hugoniot curves, ideas of deflagration and detonation.
6 Hours
UNIT – 2
CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM AND KINETICS: Concept of chemical
equilibrium in multicomponent mixtures, Elements of adiabatic flame
temperature calculation, Chemical kinetics – rates and order of reactions,
Reaction mechanism and chain reactions.
6 Hours
UNIT – 3
DIFFUSION FLAMES: Differences between premixed and diffusion
flames, gas diffusion flames in parallel flow – jet flames and Burke
Schumann flames, Liquid droplet combustion.
6 Hours
UNIT – 4
PREMIXED FLAMES: Mechanistic description of premixed flames,
Burning velocity and parametric dependences, Experimental methods of
measuring burning velocity, Simple one-dimensional thermal theory of
flame, concepts of minimum ignition energy, quenching distance, stability
limits and flame stabilization.
8 Hours
40
PART – B
UNIT – 5
COMBUSTION IN PISTON ENGINES: Review of operation of
reciprocating engines, Description of the combustion process in piston
engines, Combustion efficiency and factors affecting it, detonation in
reciprocating engines and preventive methods.
6 Hours
UNIT – 6
COMBUSTION IN GAS-TURBINE ENGINES: Description of different
types of combustion chambers in gas-turbine engines, primary requirements
of the combustor, Flow structure, recirculation and flame stabilization in
main combustion chamber, afterburners.
7 Hours
UNIT – 7
COMBUSTION IN ROCKET ENGINES: Combustion of carbon
particle, boundary layer combustion, basic principles of combustion solid
propellants, extension of droplet combustion to liquid propellant rockets.
7 Hours
UNIT – 8
EMISSIONS: Flame radiation, pollutants - unburnt hydrocarbons, oxides of
nitrogen and carbon monoxide, methods of reducing pollutants, Principle of
exhaust gas analysis.
6 Hours
TEXT BOOKS:
1. Introduction to Combustion by Stephen Turns.
2. Combustion fundamentals by Roger Strehlow
REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. Industrial Combustion by Charles E. Baukal.
2. Heat Transfer in Industrial Combustion by CE Baukal Jr
3. Combustion, Fossil Power Systems by G. Singer. 4th Ed. 1966 Ed
Pub.
4. Fuels and Combustion, Sharma, S.P., and Chandra Mohan , Tata
Me. Graw Hill Publishing Co.,Ltd., New Delhi, 1987.
5. Gas Turbine, Jet and Rocket Propulsion, Mathur, M.L., and
Sharma, R.P., ,' Standard Publishers and Distributors, Delhi, 1988
41
Scheme of Examination:
One Question to be set from each chapter. Students have to answer any FIVE
full questions out of EIGHT questions, choosing at least TWO questions
from Part A and TWO questions from Part B.
42
RELIABILITY ENGINEERING
(ELECTIVE GROUP – A)
Subject Code : 06AE664 IA Marks : 25
No. of Lecture Hrs/Week : 04 Exam Hours : 03
Total no. of Lecture Hrs. : 52 Exam Marks : 100
PART – A
UNIT – 1
INTRODUCTION: Reliability concepts and definitions, probability
distribution functions and their application in reliability Evaluation,
Reliability Evaluation in Engineering systems using Markov Models.
7 Hours
UNIT – 2
FAILURE ANALYSIS: Causes of failure, concept of hazard failure models,
Bath Tub curve, MTTF, MTBF.
7 Hours
UNIT – 3
RELIABILITY MODELING: System reliability for various configurations
and combinational aspects, Weibull analysis on reliability.
6 Hours
UNIT – 4
RELIABILITY STUDIES: Reliability improvement, redundancy,
reliability-cost trade-off.
PART – B
UNIT – 5
MAINTAINABILITY AND AVAILABILITY CONCEPTS: System
Safety analysis.
6 Hours
43
UNIT – 6
MAINTENANCE CONCEPTS: Types of Maintenance, Modern trends in
Maintenance Philosophy like BITE, IRAN, HUM, TPM etc.
7 Hours
UNIT – 7
FAILURE INVESTIGATION PROCESS AND METHODOLOGIES
LIKE FTA, FMEA
6 Hours
UNIT – 8
RELIABILITY AND QUALITY IMPROVEMENT techniques like,
Bench Marking, JIT, Quality Circles, Quality Audit, TQM, Kaizan etc.
7 Hours
TEXT BOOK:
1. Introduction to Reliability Engineering, E.E. Lewis, John Wiley.
REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. Probability and statistics with Reliability, Queuing and
Computer, K.S. Trivedi,
2. Science Applications, PHI.
3. Reliability Engineering, E Balagurswamy, Tata McGraw Hill
Publications.
Scheme of Examination:
Four questions from Part A and Four questions from Part B to be set Students
have to answer any FIVE full questions out of EIGHT questions, choosing at
least TWO questions from part A and TWO questions from part B
44
INDUSTRIAL MANAGEMENT
(ELECTIVE GROUP – A)
Subject Code : 06AE665 IA Marks : 25
No. of Lecture Hrs/Week : 04 Exam Hours : 03
Total no. of Lecture Hrs. : 52 Exam Marks : 100
Note:
As per the decision of Chairman BOS, VTU the relevant detailed revised
syllabus may be incorporated by VTU.
'.. .
45
AERODYNAMICS LABORATORY
Subject Code : 06AEL67 IA Marks : 25
No. of Lecture Hrs/Week : 04 Exam Hours : 03
Total no. of Lecture Hrs. : 42 Exam Marks : 50
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
1. Calibration of a subsonic wind tunnel: test section static pressure and
total head distributions.
2. Smoke flow visualization studies on a two-dimensional circular cylinder
at low speeds.
3. Smoke flow visualization studies on a two dimensional airfoil at
different angles of incidence at low speeds
4. Tuft flow visualization on a wing model at different angles of incidence
at low speeds: identify zones of attached and separated flows.
5. Surface pressure distributions on a two-dimensional circular cylinder at
low speeds and calculation of pressure drag.
6. Surface pressure distributions on a two-dimensional symmetric airfoil at
zero incidence at low speeds.
7. Surface pressure distributions on a two-dimensional cambered airfoil at
different angles of incidence and calculation of lift and pressure drag.
8. Calculation of total drag of a two-dimensional circular cylinder at low
speeds using pitot-static probe wake survey.
9. Calculation of total drag of a two-dimensional cambered airfoil at low
speeds at incidence using pitot-static probe wake survey.
10. Measurement of a typical boundary layer velocity profile on the tunnel
wall (at low speeds) using a pitot probe and calculation of boundary
layer displacement and momentum thickness.
46
PROPULSION LABORATORY
Subject Code : 06AEL68 IA Marks : 25
No. of Lecture Hrs/Week : 04 Exam Hours : 03
Total no. of Lecture Hrs. : 42 Exam Marks : 50
(Wind Tunnel is required)
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
1. Study of an aircraft piston engine. (Includes study of assembly of sub
systems, various components, their functions and operating principles)
2. Study of an aircraft jet engine (Includes study of assembly of sub
systems, various components, their functions and operating principles)
3. Study of forced convective heat transfer over a flat plate.
4. Cascade testing of a model of axial compressor blade row.
5. Study of performance of a propeller.
6. Determination of heat of combustion of aviation fuel.
7. Study of free jet
8. Measurement of burning velocity of a premixed flame.
9. Fuel-injection characteristics
10. Measurement of nozzle flow.
4
V SEMESTER
MANAGEMENT & ENTREPRENEURSHIP
Subject Code : 06AL51 IA Marks : 25
No. of Lecture Hrs/Week : 04 Exam Hours : 03
Total no. of Lecture Hrs. : 52 Exam Marks : 100
PART - A
MANAGEMENT
UNIT - 1
MANAGEMENT: Introduction - Meaning - nature and characteristics of
Management, Scope and functional areas of Management - Management as a
Science, Art or Profession Management & Administration - Roles of
Management, Levels of Management, Development of Management
Thought-Early Management Approaches-Modern Management Approaches.
7 Hours
UNIT - 2
PLANNING: Nature, importance and purpose of planning process -
Objectives - Types of plans (Meaning only) - Decision making - Importance
of planning - steps in planning & planning premises - Hierarchy of plans.
6 Hours
UNIT - 3
ORGANISING AND STAFFING: Nature and purpose of organization -
Principles of organization - Types of organization - Departmentation -
Committees – Centralisation Vs Decentralisation of authority and
responsibility - Span of control - MBO and MBE (Meaning only) Nature and
importance of Staffing - Process of Selection & Recruitment (in brief).
6 Hours
UNIT - 4
DIRECTING & CONTROLLING: Meaning and nature of directing -
Leadership styles, Motivation Theories, Communication - Meaning and
importance – Coordination, meaning and importance and Techniques of Co -
ordination. Meaning and steps in controlling - Essentials of a sound control
system - Methods of establishing control.
7 Hours
5
PART - B
ENTREPRENEURSHIP
UNIT - 5
ENTREPRENEUR: Meaning of Entrepreneur; Evolution of the Concept,
Functions of an Entrepreneur, Types of Entrepreneur, Intrapreneur - an
emerging Class. Concept of Entrepreneurship - Evolution of
Entrepreneurship, Development of Entrepreneurship; Stages in
entrepreneurial process; Role of entrepreneurs in Economic Development;
Entrepreneurship in India; Entrepreneurship – its Barriers.
6 Hours
UNIT - 6
SMALL SCALE INDUSTRY: Definition; Characteristics; Need and
rationale: Objectives; Scope; role of SSI in Economic Development.
Advantages of SSI Steps to start an SSI - Government policy towards SSI;
Different Policies of S.S.I.; Government Support for S.S.I. during 5 year
plans, Impact of Liberalization, Privatization, Globalization on S.S.I., Effect
of WTO/GATT Supporting Agencies of Government for S.S.I Meaning;
Nature of Support; Objectives; Functions; Types of Help; Ancillary Industry
and Tiny Industry (Definition only).
7 Hours
UNIT - 7
INSTITUTIONAL SUPPORT: Different Schemes; TECKSOK; KIADB;
KSSIDC; KSIMC; DIC Single Window Agency: SISI; NSIC; SIDBI; KSFC.
6 Hours
UNIT - 8
PREPARATION OF PROJECT: Meaning of Project; Project
Identification; Project Selection; Project Report; Need and Significance of
Report; Contents; formulation; Guidelines by Planning Commission for
Project report; Network Analysis; Errors of Project Report; Project
Appraisal. Identification of Business Opportunities - Market Feasibility
Study; Technical Feasibility Study; Financial Feasibility Study & Social
Feasibility Study.
7 Hours
TEXT BOOKS:
1. Principles of Management - P. C. Tripathi, P. N. Reddy; Tata
McGraw Hill.
2. Dynamics of Entrepreneurial Development & Management -
Vasant Desai Himalaya Publishing House.
3. Entrepreneurship Development - Small Business Enterprises -
Poornima M Charantimath - Pearson Education – 2006.
6
REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. Management Fundamentals - Concepts, Application, Skill
Development Robert Lusier – Thomson.
2. Entrepreneurship Development - S S Khanka - S Chand & Co.
3. Management - Stephen Robbins - Pearson Education /PHI -17th
Edition, 2003.
7
ELEMENTS OF AERONAUTICS
Subject Code : 06AE52 IA Marks : 25
No. of Lecture Hrs/Week : 04 Exam Hours : 03
Total no. of Lecture Hrs. : 52 Exam Marks : 100
PART - A
UNIT – 1
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS IN AEROSPACE: Early airplanes,
biplanes and monoplanes, Developments in aerodynamics, materials,
structures and propulsion over the years.
6 Hours
UNIT – 2
AIRCRAFT CONFIGURATIONS: Different types of flight vehicles and
classifications. Components of an airplane and their functions. Airfoils,
wings and other shapes.
6 Hours
UNIT – 3
PRINCIPLES OF ATMOSPHERIC FLIGHT: Physical properties and
structure of the atmosphere, The Standard Atmosphere, Temperature,
Pressure and Altitude relationships, Evolution of lift, drag and moment,
Airfoils, Mach number, Maneuvers, Concepts of stability and control.
8 Hours
UNIT – 4
INTRODUCTION TO SPACE FLIGHT: Introduction to basic concepts,
The upper atmosphere, Differential equations, Lagrange’s equation, Orbit
equation, Space vehicle trajectories-some basic concepts, Kepler’s Laws of
planetary motion.
6 Hours
PART - B
UNIT – 5
AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES AND AIRCRAFT MATERIALS: General
types of construction, Monocoque, semi-monocoque and geodesic
construction, typical wing and fuselage structure. Metallic and non-metallic
materials for aircraft application.
6 Hours
8
UNIT – 6
AIRCRAFT POWER PLANTS: Basic ideas about piston, turboprop and jet
engines, Use of propeller and jets for thrust production. Comparative merits;
Principles of operation of rocket, types of rockets and typical applications,
Exploration into space.
8 Hours
UNIT – 7
AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS: MECHANICAL: Description of different
airplane systems and their components: Hydraulics, Pneumatic, Oxygen
System, Environmental Control System, Fuel System.
6 Hours
UNIT – 8
AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS: ELECTRICAL: Flight Control System, Aircraft
Electrical System, Aircraft Instruments, Navigation System, Communication
System.
6 Hours
TEXT BOOKS:
1. Introduction to Flight, ,Anderson, J.D., McGraw-Hill, 1995.
2. Fundamentals of Flight Vol. IV Aircraft Systems, Lalit Gupta
and Dr. O. P. Sharma., Himalayan Books, 2006
REFERENCE:
1. Flight without Formulae, Kermode, A.C., McGraw-Hill, 1997.
2. Introduction to Aircraft Basic Science, Kroes, Michael J and
Rardon, JamesR”, 7th Edition, Macmillan / McGraw Hill, 1993.
3. Space Vehicle Design, 2nd Edition AIAA Education Series,
Michael D. Griffin, James R. French by Michael D.
4. Mechanics of Flight, (Revised by RH Bernard & DR Philpott),
Kermode, A.C., LPE, Pearson Education, 2005.
Scheme of Examination:
One Question to be set from each chapter. Students have to answer any FIVE
full questions out of EIGHT questions, choosing at least TWO questions
from Part A and TWO questions from Part B.
9
DYNAMICS OF MACHINES
Subject Code : 06AE53 IA Marks : 25
No. of Lecture Hrs/Week : 04 Exam Hours : 03
Total no. of Lecture Hrs. : 52 Exam Marks : 100
PART – A
UNIT – 1
STATIC FORCE ANALYSIS: Static force analysis: Introduction: Static
equilibrium. Equilibrium of two and three force members. Members with two
forces and torque, Free body diagrams, principle of virtual work. Static force
analysis of four bar mechanism and slider-crank mechanism with and without
friction.
6 Hours
UNIT – 2
DYNAMIC FORCE ANALYSIS: D’Alembert’s principle, Inertia force,
inertia torque, Dynamic force analysis of four-bar mechanism and slider
crank mechanism. Dynamically equivalent systems. Turning moment
diagrams and flywheels, Fluctuation of Energy. Determination of size of
flywheels.
8 Hours
UNIT – 3
FRICTION AND BELT DRIVES: Definitions: Types of friction: laws of
friction, Friction in pivot and collar bearings. Belt drives: Flat belt drives,
ratio of belt tensions, centrifugal tension, power transmitted.
6 Hours
UNIT – 4
BALANCING OF ROTATING MASSES: Static and dynamic balancing,
Balancing of single rotating mass by balancing masses in same plane and in
different planes. Balancing of several rotating masses by balancing masses in
same plane and in different planes.
6 Hours
PART – B
UNIT – 5
BALANCING OF RECIPROCATING MASSES: Inertia effect of crank
and connecting rod, single cylinder engine, balancing in multi cylinder-inline
V SEMESTER
MANAGEMENT & ENTREPRENEURSHIP
Subject Code : 06AL51 IA Marks : 25
No. of Lecture Hrs/Week : 04 Exam Hours : 03
Total no. of Lecture Hrs. : 52 Exam Marks : 100
PART - A
MANAGEMENT
UNIT - 1
MANAGEMENT: Introduction - Meaning - nature and characteristics of
Management, Scope and functional areas of Management - Management as a
Science, Art or Profession Management & Administration - Roles of
Management, Levels of Management, Development of Management
Thought-Early Management Approaches-Modern Management Approaches.
7 Hours
UNIT - 2
PLANNING: Nature, importance and purpose of planning process -
Objectives - Types of plans (Meaning only) - Decision making - Importance
of planning - steps in planning & planning premises - Hierarchy of plans.
6 Hours
UNIT - 3
ORGANISING AND STAFFING: Nature and purpose of organization -
Principles of organization - Types of organization - Departmentation -
Committees – Centralisation Vs Decentralisation of authority and
responsibility - Span of control - MBO and MBE (Meaning only) Nature and
importance of Staffing - Process of Selection & Recruitment (in brief).
6 Hours
UNIT - 4
DIRECTING & CONTROLLING: Meaning and nature of directing -
Leadership styles, Motivation Theories, Communication - Meaning and
importance – Coordination, meaning and importance and Techniques of Co -
ordination. Meaning and steps in controlling - Essentials of a sound control
system - Methods of establishing control.
7 Hours
5
PART - B
ENTREPRENEURSHIP
UNIT - 5
ENTREPRENEUR: Meaning of Entrepreneur; Evolution of the Concept,
Functions of an Entrepreneur, Types of Entrepreneur, Intrapreneur - an
emerging Class. Concept of Entrepreneurship - Evolution of
Entrepreneurship, Development of Entrepreneurship; Stages in
entrepreneurial process; Role of entrepreneurs in Economic Development;
Entrepreneurship in India; Entrepreneurship – its Barriers.
6 Hours
UNIT - 6
SMALL SCALE INDUSTRY: Definition; Characteristics; Need and
rationale: Objectives; Scope; role of SSI in Economic Development.
Advantages of SSI Steps to start an SSI - Government policy towards SSI;
Different Policies of S.S.I.; Government Support for S.S.I. during 5 year
plans, Impact of Liberalization, Privatization, Globalization on S.S.I., Effect
of WTO/GATT Supporting Agencies of Government for S.S.I Meaning;
Nature of Support; Objectives; Functions; Types of Help; Ancillary Industry
and Tiny Industry (Definition only).
7 Hours
UNIT - 7
INSTITUTIONAL SUPPORT: Different Schemes; TECKSOK; KIADB;
KSSIDC; KSIMC; DIC Single Window Agency: SISI; NSIC; SIDBI; KSFC.
6 Hours
UNIT - 8
PREPARATION OF PROJECT: Meaning of Project; Project
Identification; Project Selection; Project Report; Need and Significance of
Report; Contents; formulation; Guidelines by Planning Commission for
Project report; Network Analysis; Errors of Project Report; Project
Appraisal. Identification of Business Opportunities - Market Feasibility
Study; Technical Feasibility Study; Financial Feasibility Study & Social
Feasibility Study.
7 Hours
TEXT BOOKS:
1. Principles of Management - P. C. Tripathi, P. N. Reddy; Tata
McGraw Hill.
2. Dynamics of Entrepreneurial Development & Management -
Vasant Desai Himalaya Publishing House.
3. Entrepreneurship Development - Small Business Enterprises -
Poornima M Charantimath - Pearson Education – 2006.
6
REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. Management Fundamentals - Concepts, Application, Skill
Development Robert Lusier – Thomson.
2. Entrepreneurship Development - S S Khanka - S Chand & Co.
3. Management - Stephen Robbins - Pearson Education /PHI -17th
Edition, 2003.
7
ELEMENTS OF AERONAUTICS
Subject Code : 06AE52 IA Marks : 25
No. of Lecture Hrs/Week : 04 Exam Hours : 03
Total no. of Lecture Hrs. : 52 Exam Marks : 100
PART - A
UNIT – 1
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS IN AEROSPACE: Early airplanes,
biplanes and monoplanes, Developments in aerodynamics, materials,
structures and propulsion over the years.
6 Hours
UNIT – 2
AIRCRAFT CONFIGURATIONS: Different types of flight vehicles and
classifications. Components of an airplane and their functions. Airfoils,
wings and other shapes.
6 Hours
UNIT – 3
PRINCIPLES OF ATMOSPHERIC FLIGHT: Physical properties and
structure of the atmosphere, The Standard Atmosphere, Temperature,
Pressure and Altitude relationships, Evolution of lift, drag and moment,
Airfoils, Mach number, Maneuvers, Concepts of stability and control.
8 Hours
UNIT – 4
INTRODUCTION TO SPACE FLIGHT: Introduction to basic concepts,
The upper atmosphere, Differential equations, Lagrange’s equation, Orbit
equation, Space vehicle trajectories-some basic concepts, Kepler’s Laws of
planetary motion.
6 Hours
PART - B
UNIT – 5
AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES AND AIRCRAFT MATERIALS: General
types of construction, Monocoque, semi-monocoque and geodesic
construction, typical wing and fuselage structure. Metallic and non-metallic
materials for aircraft application.
6 Hours
8
UNIT – 6
AIRCRAFT POWER PLANTS: Basic ideas about piston, turboprop and jet
engines, Use of propeller and jets for thrust production. Comparative merits;
Principles of operation of rocket, types of rockets and typical applications,
Exploration into space.
8 Hours
UNIT – 7
AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS: MECHANICAL: Description of different
airplane systems and their components: Hydraulics, Pneumatic, Oxygen
System, Environmental Control System, Fuel System.
6 Hours
UNIT – 8
AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS: ELECTRICAL: Flight Control System, Aircraft
Electrical System, Aircraft Instruments, Navigation System, Communication
System.
6 Hours
TEXT BOOKS:
1. Introduction to Flight, ,Anderson, J.D., McGraw-Hill, 1995.
2. Fundamentals of Flight Vol. IV Aircraft Systems, Lalit Gupta
and Dr. O. P. Sharma., Himalayan Books, 2006
REFERENCE:
1. Flight without Formulae, Kermode, A.C., McGraw-Hill, 1997.
2. Introduction to Aircraft Basic Science, Kroes, Michael J and
Rardon, JamesR”, 7th Edition, Macmillan / McGraw Hill, 1993.
3. Space Vehicle Design, 2nd Edition AIAA Education Series,
Michael D. Griffin, James R. French by Michael D.
4. Mechanics of Flight, (Revised by RH Bernard & DR Philpott),
Kermode, A.C., LPE, Pearson Education, 2005.
Scheme of Examination:
One Question to be set from each chapter. Students have to answer any FIVE
full questions out of EIGHT questions, choosing at least TWO questions
from Part A and TWO questions from Part B.
9
DYNAMICS OF MACHINES
Subject Code : 06AE53 IA Marks : 25
No. of Lecture Hrs/Week : 04 Exam Hours : 03
Total no. of Lecture Hrs. : 52 Exam Marks : 100
PART – A
UNIT – 1
STATIC FORCE ANALYSIS: Static force analysis: Introduction: Static
equilibrium. Equilibrium of two and three force members. Members with two
forces and torque, Free body diagrams, principle of virtual work. Static force
analysis of four bar mechanism and slider-crank mechanism with and without
friction.
6 Hours
UNIT – 2
DYNAMIC FORCE ANALYSIS: D’Alembert’s principle, Inertia force,
inertia torque, Dynamic force analysis of four-bar mechanism and slider
crank mechanism. Dynamically equivalent systems. Turning moment
diagrams and flywheels, Fluctuation of Energy. Determination of size of
flywheels.
8 Hours
UNIT – 3
FRICTION AND BELT DRIVES: Definitions: Types of friction: laws of
friction, Friction in pivot and collar bearings. Belt drives: Flat belt drives,
ratio of belt tensions, centrifugal tension, power transmitted.
6 Hours
UNIT – 4
BALANCING OF ROTATING MASSES: Static and dynamic balancing,
Balancing of single rotating mass by balancing masses in same plane and in
different planes. Balancing of several rotating masses by balancing masses in
same plane and in different planes.
6 Hours
PART – B
UNIT – 5
BALANCING OF RECIPROCATING MASSES: Inertia effect of crank
and connecting rod, single cylinder engine, balancing in multi cylinder-inline
aeronautical scheme and syllabus (vtu)
SCHEME OF TEACHING AND EXAMINATION
B.E. AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING
V SEMESTER
Sl.
No Sub-Code Title Teachin
g Dept.
Teaching hours
/week Examination
Theory Pract
.
Duratio
n
I.A.
Marks
Theory
/ Pract.
Total
Marks
1 06AL51 Management and
Entrepreneurship @ 04 -- 03 25 100 125
2 06AE52 Elements of Aeronautics AE 04 -- 03 25 100 125
3 06AE53 Dynamics of Machines ME 04 -- 03 25 100 125
4 06AE54 Aerodynamics – I AE 04 -- 03 25 100 125
5 06AE55 Aircraft Propulsion AE 04 -- 03 25 100 125
6 06AE56 Aircraft Structures – I AE 04 -- 03 25 100 125
7 06AEL57 Structures Laboratory AE -- 03 03 25 50 75
8 06AEL58 Energy Conversion Lab AE/ME -- 03 03 25 50 75
TOTAL 24 06 24 200 700 900
Note: One question has to be set for every 6 to 8 hours of teaching.
@ - Indicates that teaching department can be any engineering department /
department of management studies
SCHEME OF TEACHING AND EXAMINATION
B.E. AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING
VI SEMESTER
Sl.
No Sub-Code Title Teachin
g Dept.
Teaching hours
/week Examination
Theory Pract
.
Duratio
n
I.A.
Marks
Theory/
Pract.
Total
Marks
1 06AE61 Introduction to Composite
Materials ME/IEM 04 -- 03 25 100 125
2 06AE62 Aircraft Structures - II AE 04 -- 03 25 100 125
3 06AE63 Aerodynamics – II AE 04 -- 03 25 100 125
4 06AE64 Finite Element Analysis AE/ME 04 -- 03 25 100 125
5 06AE65 Theory of Vibrations ME 04 -- 03 25 100 125
6 06AE66* * Elective - I: (Group A) AE/IEM 04 -- 03 25 100 125
7 06AEL67 Aerodynamics Laboratory AE -- 03 03 25 50 75
8 06AEL68 Propulsion Laboratory AE -- 03 03 25 50 75
TOTAL 24 06 24 200 700 900
Note: One question has to be set for every 6 to 8 hours of teaching.
*ELECTIVE -1(Group A)
06AE661 Numerical Methods
06AE662 Aircraft Materials
06AE663 Combustion
06AE664 Reliability Engineering
06AE665 Industrial Management
* Students shall register for one subject from Group A Electives
B.E. AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING
V SEMESTER
Sl.
No Sub-Code Title Teachin
g Dept.
Teaching hours
/week Examination
Theory Pract
.
Duratio
n
I.A.
Marks
Theory
/ Pract.
Total
Marks
1 06AL51 Management and
Entrepreneurship @ 04 -- 03 25 100 125
2 06AE52 Elements of Aeronautics AE 04 -- 03 25 100 125
3 06AE53 Dynamics of Machines ME 04 -- 03 25 100 125
4 06AE54 Aerodynamics – I AE 04 -- 03 25 100 125
5 06AE55 Aircraft Propulsion AE 04 -- 03 25 100 125
6 06AE56 Aircraft Structures – I AE 04 -- 03 25 100 125
7 06AEL57 Structures Laboratory AE -- 03 03 25 50 75
8 06AEL58 Energy Conversion Lab AE/ME -- 03 03 25 50 75
TOTAL 24 06 24 200 700 900
Note: One question has to be set for every 6 to 8 hours of teaching.
@ - Indicates that teaching department can be any engineering department /
department of management studies
SCHEME OF TEACHING AND EXAMINATION
B.E. AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING
VI SEMESTER
Sl.
No Sub-Code Title Teachin
g Dept.
Teaching hours
/week Examination
Theory Pract
.
Duratio
n
I.A.
Marks
Theory/
Pract.
Total
Marks
1 06AE61 Introduction to Composite
Materials ME/IEM 04 -- 03 25 100 125
2 06AE62 Aircraft Structures - II AE 04 -- 03 25 100 125
3 06AE63 Aerodynamics – II AE 04 -- 03 25 100 125
4 06AE64 Finite Element Analysis AE/ME 04 -- 03 25 100 125
5 06AE65 Theory of Vibrations ME 04 -- 03 25 100 125
6 06AE66* * Elective - I: (Group A) AE/IEM 04 -- 03 25 100 125
7 06AEL67 Aerodynamics Laboratory AE -- 03 03 25 50 75
8 06AEL68 Propulsion Laboratory AE -- 03 03 25 50 75
TOTAL 24 06 24 200 700 900
Note: One question has to be set for every 6 to 8 hours of teaching.
*ELECTIVE -1(Group A)
06AE661 Numerical Methods
06AE662 Aircraft Materials
06AE663 Combustion
06AE664 Reliability Engineering
06AE665 Industrial Management
* Students shall register for one subject from Group A Electives
Wednesday, February 4, 2009
trip to mars
Originally published in The Technology Teacher, December 2001, by the International Technology Education Association
1
It’s been over 25 years since humans set foot
on “unearthly” ground—the moon, that is. It took
only a few days to get to the moon, so the Apollo
astronauts didn’t have time to get bored. Our next
destination in the human exploration of space will
probably be Mars. Although we don’t yet have any
definite plans for getting there, many people are
busy working on the many problems that will have
to be solved to accomplish this very difficult goal.
The main challenge is that Mars is much
farther away than the moon. Mars is the fourth
planet from the Sun, and Earth is the third planet
from the Sun. It takes Earth about 365 days to
make one orbit around the Sun (one Earth year). It
takes Mars 687 Earth days to make its journey
around the Sun. So to get to Mars, we blast off
from Earth going in the same direction as Earth
and Mars are both traveling around the Sun, and by
adding a little speed using the spacecraft’s engines,
we eventually match up with Mars’orbit and catch
up to Mars itself. If we don’t care about gas
mileage, we can really step on it and get there in
six months! A more fuel-efficient trip takes about
11 months.
So, after a six-month journey, you land on
Mars and have to stay at least 19 months, until
Mars and Earth approach their closest positions
again before you take off for the six-month journey
home. You will be gone a total of about 2-1/2
years!
This is a long time to be cooped up in a
spaceship or in a Mars habitat with a few other
crewmates! How would you pass the time? And
how would you plan for all the crewmates to get
along together?
Plan Ahead!
Imagine you and your two, three, or four
crewmates are planning for a trip to Mars. Assume
that all your basic needs for air, food, water, and
warmth will be met by the basic design of the
spaceship and the supplies that have already been
stowed aboard. All you and your mates must do is
decide what personal items to take to pass the time
and keep yourselves entertained and happy.
Packing for a L-o-o-o-ng
Trip to Mars
Originally published in The Technology Teacher, December 2001, by the International Technology Education Association
2
All the items your crew takes along must fit
into a box 1 meter wide by 1 meter high by 1 meter
deep—in other words, having a volume of 1 cubic
meter (1 m3). (One meter is about 39-1/2 inches).
Remember, scientists and engineers almost
always use the metric system of measurements,
rather than the imperial system (using feet and
inches). The metric system is based on tens and is
much easier to work with. In the imperial
system,you must remember odd numbers, like 12
inches to a foot, 3 feet to a yard, 5,280 feet to a
mile, and so on. In the metric system, there are
1000 millimeters in a meter, 100 centimeters to a
meter, 10 millimeters to a centimeter, and 1000
meters to a kilometer. Piece of cake!
Materials You Will Need for
Planning:
· For the class, you will need a meter stick,
poster board or cardboard, and tape (any
kind).
· For each person, you will need a metric ruler
or tape measure, graph paper, and pencil.
· For each team, you will need a collection of
thin markers or colored pencils.
How Big is This Box Again?
To get a good idea of how big a 1-m3 box
really is, you might actually construct one for
whole class to see. Use the poster board or cardboard
to tape together a cube 1 m on each side.
Strategies for Planning
Get into teams of 3 to 5 people. Decide
together what you would like to take to Mars. All
the items selected by your team must fit into the 1-
m3 box. You might start out by brainstorming
ideas, writing everyone’s suggestions on a board or
paper. Then, as a group, discuss and decide on the
best selection of items to take. Keep in mind . . .
· For maximum variety, you might want to pool
your interests and take items you can all share
and enjoy.
· For electronics that require batteries, you must
take along enough batteries to last 2-1/2
years.
· There are no electronics repair shops or
computer experts (unless you are one!) in
space.
Conversion factors:
Inches to millimeters: in x 25.4 = mm
Inches to centimeters: in x 2.54 = cm
Feet to centimeters: ft x 30.48 = cm
Feet to meters: ft x 0.3048 = m
Yards to meters: yd x 0.9144 = m
Miles to kilometers mi x 1.6 = km
Metric Units:
1 meter = 1000 millimeters
1 meter = 100 centimeters
1 meter3 = 1,000,000,000 millimeters3
1 meter3 = 1,000,000 centimeters3
Originally published in The Technology Teacher, December 2001, by the International Technology Education Association
3
· There is no cell phone service in space.
· There is no internet in space.
· There is no cable and satellite TV in space.
· To save space, you might want to consider
items that can be disassembled and reassembled
when needed.
· For one year of this period you will be in zero
gravity in the spaceship, and for the rest of the
time you will be in gravity only one-third as
strong as Earth’s in your Mars habitat.
· The weight of your items doesn’t matter.
Assume your Mars-bound spacecraft will be
assembled in space, so the entire weight of it
does not have to be launched from Earth all at
one time.
Making Sure It Will All Fit
Once you have your group’s list, you need to
find out whether everything will fit before you go
to the trouble of obtaining all the items and trying
to stuff them into the 1-m3 box. You need to find
out the volume of each of the items, then add them
all up to see whether their combined volumes is
equal to or less than 1 m3.
Divide up the list so that each person in the
group is responsible for obtaining the measurements
of some of the items. Members of the group
may actually own the items or may have to go to a
store to find them. Once the item is in hand, just
use a metric ruler or tape measure to get its height,
width, and depth in centimeters or millimeters.
Then, multiply these three numbers together to get
its volume. If the object is an odd shape, consider
how large a box it would take to hold it, and just
measure its largest dimensions.
If no one knows where to get hold of the item,
try looking on the internet for a site that sells the
item and see if you can find out its dimensions.
The dimensions will no doubt be given in inches,
so you will need to convert to centimeters or
millimeters before calculating the volume.
Packing Your “Virtual” Box
Now, without actually bringing in all the
items and shoe-horning them into the box, we are
going to pack the box on paper! This is called
“planning.” This is the way engineers design
complicated things. They put all the parts together
on paper (or using a computer), before going to all
the bother and expense of making and then trying
to fit together the actual parts.
Using graph paper, first decide the scale you
will use. For example, you might have one square
equal 5 centimeters.
Do the drawings as a group. Each person
should have the opportunity to do at least one
drawing.
Draw one side of the 1-m3 box on the graph
paper. Now, using colored pencils or thin markers,
draw the items that would fit into the box, as they
would appear from one side. Label the items, and
include their measurements.
Now, using another piece of graph paper,
draw another side of the box. Now, make a drawing
that shows how the packed box would look
from that side.
Using still other pieces of graph paper, draw
the packed box from the top, bottom, and the other
two sides. You should end up with six drawings,
plus a list of the items in the box..
Hint: For odd-shaped items, if you know the
measurements of the individual parts, you can nest
the items together to take up the least space.
Explaining Your Rationale
Present your list and six drawings to the rest
of the class, and explain . . .
· What was the process your team used to
decide what to put into the box?
· What compromises were necessary in choosing
the items?
· Why were the items picked?
· What items had to be left out?
· Do all the items represent the agreement of
the team, or were some individuals given
their chosen item for some reason?
Originally published in The Technology Teacher, December 2001, by the International Technology Education Association
4
What is NASA Doing About
Mars Right Now?
No human expedition to Mars is being
planned yet by the National Aeronautics and Space
Administration (NASA). However, NASA is
working on technologies that will enable future
robotic (unmanned) missions to help solve some of
the many mysteries about the red planet.
Missions being considered include orbiters,
landers, rovers, robotic airplanes, balloons, subsurface
explorers, life detectors, sample return missions,
and advanced communications systems to
get all this data back to Earth.
Using these technologies, NASA hopes to . . .
· Find out whether life ever existed on Mars.
· Learn about the climate on Mars.
· Learn about the geology on Mars.
· Prepare for humans to go to Mars!
Learn more about NASA’s Mars Exploration
Program at http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov, and play the
Mars Adventure game at http://
spaceplace.jpl.nasa.gov/mars_rocket.htm .
This article was written by Diane Fisher, science and technology writer and developer of The Space
Place website, and Rose Ryland, middle school math teacher in Pasadena, California. It is provided
through the courtesy of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a
contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Illustrations are by Alex Novati.
Facts to Know for Your Trip to Mars
Average distance of Mars from Sun: 1-1/2 times farther than Earth
Length of Mars year: 687 Earth days
Length of Mars day: 24 hours, 37 minutes
Mass (amount of matter it contains): About 1/10th of Earth’s
Diameter (distance across): About ½ of Earth’s
Number of moons: 2 (Phobos and Deimos)
Surface gravity compared with Earth: 0.38 (If you weigh 100 pounds on Earth, you will
weigh only 38 pounds on Mars)
Atmospheric pressure at Mars surface: Only about 1/100th (or less) of Earth’s
Main gases in atmosphere: Carbon dioxide, with a bit of nitrogen, oxygen, and
argon.
Time for a spacecraft to travel At least six months, depending on the positions of
to Mars from Earth: the two planets in their orbits around the Sun.
Artist’s concept of a sample return
mission blasting off from Mars.
1
It’s been over 25 years since humans set foot
on “unearthly” ground—the moon, that is. It took
only a few days to get to the moon, so the Apollo
astronauts didn’t have time to get bored. Our next
destination in the human exploration of space will
probably be Mars. Although we don’t yet have any
definite plans for getting there, many people are
busy working on the many problems that will have
to be solved to accomplish this very difficult goal.
The main challenge is that Mars is much
farther away than the moon. Mars is the fourth
planet from the Sun, and Earth is the third planet
from the Sun. It takes Earth about 365 days to
make one orbit around the Sun (one Earth year). It
takes Mars 687 Earth days to make its journey
around the Sun. So to get to Mars, we blast off
from Earth going in the same direction as Earth
and Mars are both traveling around the Sun, and by
adding a little speed using the spacecraft’s engines,
we eventually match up with Mars’orbit and catch
up to Mars itself. If we don’t care about gas
mileage, we can really step on it and get there in
six months! A more fuel-efficient trip takes about
11 months.
So, after a six-month journey, you land on
Mars and have to stay at least 19 months, until
Mars and Earth approach their closest positions
again before you take off for the six-month journey
home. You will be gone a total of about 2-1/2
years!
This is a long time to be cooped up in a
spaceship or in a Mars habitat with a few other
crewmates! How would you pass the time? And
how would you plan for all the crewmates to get
along together?
Plan Ahead!
Imagine you and your two, three, or four
crewmates are planning for a trip to Mars. Assume
that all your basic needs for air, food, water, and
warmth will be met by the basic design of the
spaceship and the supplies that have already been
stowed aboard. All you and your mates must do is
decide what personal items to take to pass the time
and keep yourselves entertained and happy.
Packing for a L-o-o-o-ng
Trip to Mars
Originally published in The Technology Teacher, December 2001, by the International Technology Education Association
2
All the items your crew takes along must fit
into a box 1 meter wide by 1 meter high by 1 meter
deep—in other words, having a volume of 1 cubic
meter (1 m3). (One meter is about 39-1/2 inches).
Remember, scientists and engineers almost
always use the metric system of measurements,
rather than the imperial system (using feet and
inches). The metric system is based on tens and is
much easier to work with. In the imperial
system,you must remember odd numbers, like 12
inches to a foot, 3 feet to a yard, 5,280 feet to a
mile, and so on. In the metric system, there are
1000 millimeters in a meter, 100 centimeters to a
meter, 10 millimeters to a centimeter, and 1000
meters to a kilometer. Piece of cake!
Materials You Will Need for
Planning:
· For the class, you will need a meter stick,
poster board or cardboard, and tape (any
kind).
· For each person, you will need a metric ruler
or tape measure, graph paper, and pencil.
· For each team, you will need a collection of
thin markers or colored pencils.
How Big is This Box Again?
To get a good idea of how big a 1-m3 box
really is, you might actually construct one for
whole class to see. Use the poster board or cardboard
to tape together a cube 1 m on each side.
Strategies for Planning
Get into teams of 3 to 5 people. Decide
together what you would like to take to Mars. All
the items selected by your team must fit into the 1-
m3 box. You might start out by brainstorming
ideas, writing everyone’s suggestions on a board or
paper. Then, as a group, discuss and decide on the
best selection of items to take. Keep in mind . . .
· For maximum variety, you might want to pool
your interests and take items you can all share
and enjoy.
· For electronics that require batteries, you must
take along enough batteries to last 2-1/2
years.
· There are no electronics repair shops or
computer experts (unless you are one!) in
space.
Conversion factors:
Inches to millimeters: in x 25.4 = mm
Inches to centimeters: in x 2.54 = cm
Feet to centimeters: ft x 30.48 = cm
Feet to meters: ft x 0.3048 = m
Yards to meters: yd x 0.9144 = m
Miles to kilometers mi x 1.6 = km
Metric Units:
1 meter = 1000 millimeters
1 meter = 100 centimeters
1 meter3 = 1,000,000,000 millimeters3
1 meter3 = 1,000,000 centimeters3
Originally published in The Technology Teacher, December 2001, by the International Technology Education Association
3
· There is no cell phone service in space.
· There is no internet in space.
· There is no cable and satellite TV in space.
· To save space, you might want to consider
items that can be disassembled and reassembled
when needed.
· For one year of this period you will be in zero
gravity in the spaceship, and for the rest of the
time you will be in gravity only one-third as
strong as Earth’s in your Mars habitat.
· The weight of your items doesn’t matter.
Assume your Mars-bound spacecraft will be
assembled in space, so the entire weight of it
does not have to be launched from Earth all at
one time.
Making Sure It Will All Fit
Once you have your group’s list, you need to
find out whether everything will fit before you go
to the trouble of obtaining all the items and trying
to stuff them into the 1-m3 box. You need to find
out the volume of each of the items, then add them
all up to see whether their combined volumes is
equal to or less than 1 m3.
Divide up the list so that each person in the
group is responsible for obtaining the measurements
of some of the items. Members of the group
may actually own the items or may have to go to a
store to find them. Once the item is in hand, just
use a metric ruler or tape measure to get its height,
width, and depth in centimeters or millimeters.
Then, multiply these three numbers together to get
its volume. If the object is an odd shape, consider
how large a box it would take to hold it, and just
measure its largest dimensions.
If no one knows where to get hold of the item,
try looking on the internet for a site that sells the
item and see if you can find out its dimensions.
The dimensions will no doubt be given in inches,
so you will need to convert to centimeters or
millimeters before calculating the volume.
Packing Your “Virtual” Box
Now, without actually bringing in all the
items and shoe-horning them into the box, we are
going to pack the box on paper! This is called
“planning.” This is the way engineers design
complicated things. They put all the parts together
on paper (or using a computer), before going to all
the bother and expense of making and then trying
to fit together the actual parts.
Using graph paper, first decide the scale you
will use. For example, you might have one square
equal 5 centimeters.
Do the drawings as a group. Each person
should have the opportunity to do at least one
drawing.
Draw one side of the 1-m3 box on the graph
paper. Now, using colored pencils or thin markers,
draw the items that would fit into the box, as they
would appear from one side. Label the items, and
include their measurements.
Now, using another piece of graph paper,
draw another side of the box. Now, make a drawing
that shows how the packed box would look
from that side.
Using still other pieces of graph paper, draw
the packed box from the top, bottom, and the other
two sides. You should end up with six drawings,
plus a list of the items in the box..
Hint: For odd-shaped items, if you know the
measurements of the individual parts, you can nest
the items together to take up the least space.
Explaining Your Rationale
Present your list and six drawings to the rest
of the class, and explain . . .
· What was the process your team used to
decide what to put into the box?
· What compromises were necessary in choosing
the items?
· Why were the items picked?
· What items had to be left out?
· Do all the items represent the agreement of
the team, or were some individuals given
their chosen item for some reason?
Originally published in The Technology Teacher, December 2001, by the International Technology Education Association
4
What is NASA Doing About
Mars Right Now?
No human expedition to Mars is being
planned yet by the National Aeronautics and Space
Administration (NASA). However, NASA is
working on technologies that will enable future
robotic (unmanned) missions to help solve some of
the many mysteries about the red planet.
Missions being considered include orbiters,
landers, rovers, robotic airplanes, balloons, subsurface
explorers, life detectors, sample return missions,
and advanced communications systems to
get all this data back to Earth.
Using these technologies, NASA hopes to . . .
· Find out whether life ever existed on Mars.
· Learn about the climate on Mars.
· Learn about the geology on Mars.
· Prepare for humans to go to Mars!
Learn more about NASA’s Mars Exploration
Program at http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov, and play the
Mars Adventure game at http://
spaceplace.jpl.nasa.gov/mars_rocket.htm .
This article was written by Diane Fisher, science and technology writer and developer of The Space
Place website, and Rose Ryland, middle school math teacher in Pasadena, California. It is provided
through the courtesy of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a
contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Illustrations are by Alex Novati.
Facts to Know for Your Trip to Mars
Average distance of Mars from Sun: 1-1/2 times farther than Earth
Length of Mars year: 687 Earth days
Length of Mars day: 24 hours, 37 minutes
Mass (amount of matter it contains): About 1/10th of Earth’s
Diameter (distance across): About ½ of Earth’s
Number of moons: 2 (Phobos and Deimos)
Surface gravity compared with Earth: 0.38 (If you weigh 100 pounds on Earth, you will
weigh only 38 pounds on Mars)
Atmospheric pressure at Mars surface: Only about 1/100th (or less) of Earth’s
Main gases in atmosphere: Carbon dioxide, with a bit of nitrogen, oxygen, and
argon.
Time for a spacecraft to travel At least six months, depending on the positions of
to Mars from Earth: the two planets in their orbits around the Sun.
Artist’s concept of a sample return
mission blasting off from Mars.
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